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1. In Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), patient factors that are predictive for poor outcomes include all of the following except:

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2. According to the IDSA guidelines, first-line therapy for an initial episode of CDI in a patient with a WBC count >15,000/mm3 is:

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3. Clinical trials demonstrate that, compared to vancomycin, the use of fidaxomicin in the treatment of CDI resulted in significantly:

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4. The term used to describe a disturbed colonic microflora that leaves patients susceptible to CDI via a loss of colonization resistance is:

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5. A 64-year-old man with COPD was admitted to the hospital with severe community-acquired pneumonia and treated with moxifloxacin plus azithromycin. After 3 days, his respiratory infection improves but he develops diarrhea and severe abdominal pain. He experiences about 8 watery bowel movements within 12 hours, abdominal pain, and fever (102.3ᵒF). His WBC is 28,500/mm3 (55% neutrophils, 40% bands). Blood pressure is 87/53 mm Hg and serum lactate is 5.8 mmol/L.  A severe C. difficile infection is suspectd. Which of the following treatments would you recommend to minimize the risk of a recurrent C. difficile infection?

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6. Clinical trial results have demonstrated that each of the following can decrease CDI recurrence rates except:

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7. Which of the following antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria causes the greatest number of reported deaths in the US?

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8. Patient risk factors for infection by antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria include all of the following except:

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9. All of the following are FDA-approved beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors except:

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10. The most common Gram-negative pathogen encountered in the hospital setting is:

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11. A next-generation aminoglycoside currently under development that exhibits activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens is:

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12. A 74-year-old man with mild dementia who resides in a long-term care facility is admitted to the ICU with fever, abdominal pain, and altered mental status. Urinalysis identifies white cell casts as well as a large number of Gram-negative bacteria. Suspecting pyelonephritis, the patient is initiated on ciprofloxacin 400 mg BID IV. The following day, the patient’s clinical condition has not improved. Culture results identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa with resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefepime, and gentamicin.  You recommend the following treatment option:

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