Developing a Conceptual Technology Adoption Framework for Facility Management (FM) Organisations in Africa: Leapfrogging the Fourth Industrial Revolution & the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR)

1. Survey Details

Researcher: Yosheen Padayachee (Student No. 7941)

Supervisor: Professor H.B. Klopper

Institution: The Da Vinci Institute for Technology Management

Purpose: This questionnaire collects quantitative data on technology adoption in African Facility Management (FM) companies. Participation is voluntary and anonymous.
Instructions
• Please answer all questions as accurately as possible.
• For Likert items, use: 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree.
• Skip any item you are uncomfortable answering.

Section 1: Demographics & Role

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1. Job Title:

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2. Function/Department

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3. Management level:

Junior

Middle

Senior

Executive

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4. No of years working in FM:

5–10

11–15

16–20

>20

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5. Which is your primary country of operation :

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6. Type of organisation:

Public

Private

State-owned

Non-profit

Other

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7. What is the FM scope of services your organisation focuses on (select all):

Hard Services

Soft Services

Energy

Catering

Hygiene

Security

Pest Control

Other

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8. Organisation size (employees):

<250

250–999

1,000–4,999

5,000+

Section 2: Current Technology Adoption

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9. Which technologies are currently used in your FM operations? (Select all that apply)

IoT sensors

AI/ML analytics

BIM

CMMS/IWMS

Robotics/RPA

Mobile workforce apps

Cloud computing

Data warehousing/BI

ESG Tracking Tools

Other

None

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10. How much annual budget does your organisation allocate to digital/FM tech (% of OPEX):

0–1%

1–3%

3–5%

>5%

Unknown

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11. What are the primary objectives for technology adoption in your organisation (choose up to 3):

Cost reduction

Compliance

Productivity

Customer experience

Energy/sustainability

Risk reduction

Innovation/competitive edge

Other

Section 3: Barriers to Adoption

This section explores potential challenges that may hinder the adoption of new systems, technologies, or processes. Using a 1–5 Likert scale, please indicate the extent to which each factor presents a barrier in your context — from 1 (Not a barrier at all) to 5 (A significant barrier). Your responses will help us identify key obstacles and develop strategies to address them effectively.

There are no right or wrong answers — we’re interested in your honest perspective. Your responses will help us understand your experience and improve accordingly.

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12. High implementation/maintenance costs

“The cost of implementing and maintaining this solution is manageable.”

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13. Inadequate digital infrastructure/connectivity

"Our digital infrastructure and connectivity are adequate to support new initiatives."

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14. Skills gaps and limited training capacity

“Our team possesses the necessary skills and access to training to support new initiatives.”

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15. Cybersecurity/privacy concerns

“Our organisation has strong measures in place to protect data privacy and cybersecurity.”

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16. Cultural resistance to change

“Our organisation is open to change and willing to adopt new ways of working.”

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17. Unclear ROI/business case

“The expected return on investment and business value of this initiative are clearly defined.

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18. Lack of top management sponsorship

“Senior leadership actively supports and champions this initiative.”

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19. Legacy systems/process complexity

“Our existing systems and processes are flexible enough to support new solutions.”

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20. Vendor/market fragmentation

“We have access to a well-coordinated and reliable network of vendors and market solutions.”

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21. Regulatory/policy constraints

“Regulatory and policy requirements are well understood and do not hinder progress.”

Section 4: Enablers & Readiness

This section assesses the factors that support the successful adoption and implementation of new systems or initiatives. It also evaluates how prepared your organisation is to embrace change. Using a 1–5 Likert scale, please rate each item based on how strongly it contributes to readiness and enables progress, from 1 (Not at all) to 5 (To a great extent). Your input will help identify strengths and areas that may need further support.

How to Use the Rating Scale:

This survey uses a 1–5 Likert scale to measure your level of agreement or satisfaction. Please select the number that best reflects your opinion:

1 – Not at all
2 – To a small extent
3 – To some extent
4 – To a moderate extent
5 – To a great extent

There are no right or wrong answers — we’re interested in your honest perspective. Your responses will help us understand your experience and improve accordingly.

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22. Executive leadership commitment to digital FM

“Our executive leadership is committed to driving digital facilities management initiatives.”

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23. Clear digital/FM roadmap and governance

“Our organization has a clear roadmap and governance structure for digital facilities management.”

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24. Adequate budget and financial mechanisms

“Our organisation has sufficient budget and financial processes to support this initiative.”

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25. Workforce digital literacy/training availability

“Our workforce has the digital skills and access to training needed to support this initiative.”

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26. Partnership ecosystem (vendors, universities, startups)

“We have strong partnerships with vendors, universities, and startups that support our digital initiatives.”

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27. Data quality, governance and interoperability

“Our data is accurate, well-managed, and easily shared across systems.”

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28. Agile, innovation-supportive culture

“Our organisation encourages innovation and adapts quickly to change.”

N/A

Other (please specify)

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29. Strong change management capability

“Our organisation effectively manages change and supports employees through transitions.”

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30. Clear cybersecurity and privacy controls

“Our organisation has clearly defined controls to protect cybersecurity and data privacy.”

N/A

Section 5: Outcomes & 4IR /5IR Outlook

This section explores the expected outcomes of digital transformation efforts in facilities management and assesses readiness for the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR). It focuses on how organisations are leveraging technology to drive human-centric innovation, sustainability, and long-term value. Respondents will reflect on progress made, anticipated benefits, and their strategic outlook for embracing 5IR principles.

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31. Reported benefits achieved to date (select all):

Please select all benefits that apply, based on your current progress and observations. These insights will help identify what’s working well and where further support may be needed.

Cost savings

Faster response times

Higher asset uptime

Better compliance

Improved CX

Energy reduction

Safer operations

Other

None of the above

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32. Likelihood to invest in 5IR (human–machine collaboration, ethical AI) in the next 3 years

Please rate your organisation’s likelihood to invest in human–machine collaboration and ethical AI over the next three years using the following scale:

Very Unlikely

Unlikely

Neutral

Likely

Very Likely

N/A

Very Unlikely

Unlikely

Neutral

Likely

Very Likely

N/A

Other (please specify)

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33. This question helps identify the types of support that would most effectively enable facility managers to adopt digital solutions.

Whether it’s funding, training, partnerships, or tools, your input will guide future programs and resources tailored to the African FM context.

Preferred support to accelerate adoption (select up to 3):

Grants/incentives

Skills & training

Shared infrastructure

Standards/interoperability

Case studies

Vendor due diligence

Advisory/PMO

Other (please specify)

None of the above

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34. Government or industry incentives encourage adoption.

A great deal

A lot

A moderate amount

A little

None at all

Other (please specify)

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35. Local vendor support accelerates technology adoption.

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

Section 6: Awareness of Technology Adoption Frameworks

The following questions assess awareness and use of formal technology adoption frameworks that are commonly referenced in academic and industry literature.

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36. Which of the following technology adoption frameworks are you familiar with?

	Not Aware	Heard of It	Some Understanding	Familiar	Very Familiar
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)	Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Not Aware	Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Heard of It	Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Some Understanding	Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Familiar	Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Very Familiar
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)	Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Not Aware	Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Heard of It	Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Some Understanding	Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Familiar	Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Very Familiar
Technology–Organisation–Environment Framework (TOE)	Technology–Organisation–Environment Framework (TOE) Not Aware	Technology–Organisation–Environment Framework (TOE) Heard of It	Technology–Organisation–Environment Framework (TOE) Some Understanding	Technology–Organisation–Environment Framework (TOE) Familiar	Technology–Organisation–Environment Framework (TOE) Very Familiar
Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers)	Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers) Not Aware	Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers) Heard of It	Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers) Some Understanding	Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers) Familiar	Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers) Very Familiar
IT Governance Frameworks (COBIT / ITIL related digital governance)	IT Governance Frameworks (COBIT / ITIL related digital governance) Not Aware	IT Governance Frameworks (COBIT / ITIL related digital governance) Heard of It	IT Governance Frameworks (COBIT / ITIL related digital governance) Some Understanding	IT Governance Frameworks (COBIT / ITIL related digital governance) Familiar	IT Governance Frameworks (COBIT / ITIL related digital governance) Very Familiar
Smart Building / Digital Twin frameworks	Smart Building / Digital Twin frameworks Not Aware	Smart Building / Digital Twin frameworks Heard of It	Smart Building / Digital Twin frameworks Some Understanding	Smart Building / Digital Twin frameworks Familiar	Smart Building / Digital Twin frameworks Very Familiar
ESG / Sustainable infrastructure frameworks	ESG / Sustainable infrastructure frameworks Not Aware	ESG / Sustainable infrastructure frameworks Heard of It	ESG / Sustainable infrastructure frameworks Some Understanding	ESG / Sustainable infrastructure frameworks Familiar	ESG / Sustainable infrastructure frameworks Very Familiar
Integrated Innovation Governance Framework (I2GF)	Integrated Innovation Governance Framework (I2GF) Not Aware	Integrated Innovation Governance Framework (I2GF) Heard of It	Integrated Innovation Governance Framework (I2GF) Some Understanding	Integrated Innovation Governance Framework (I2GF) Familiar	Integrated Innovation Governance Framework (I2GF) Very Familiar
None of the above	None of the above Not Aware	None of the above Heard of It	None of the above Some Understanding	None of the above Familiar	None of the above Very Familiar

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37. Does your organisation use a technology adoption framework

Yes — formally defined and applied

Yes — informally referenced

No — but we are considering adopting one

No — decisions are made ad hoc

Not sure

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38. How are technology adoption decisions typically made in your organisation?

Guided by a formal framework or methodology

Based on leadership or executive judgement

Vendor recommendations

Benchmarking against industry peers

Trial-and-error / pilot projects

Other (please specify)

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39. Using a structured technology adoption framework would improve the success of digital initiatives in Facility Management.

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

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40. To what extent do you agree with the following statements?

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Existing technology adoption frameworks reflect the realities of African infrastructure environments. Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management.	Existing technology adoption frameworks reflect the realities of African infrastructure environments. Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Strongly Disagree	Existing technology adoption frameworks reflect the realities of African infrastructure environments. Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Disagree	Existing technology adoption frameworks reflect the realities of African infrastructure environments. Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Neutral	Existing technology adoption frameworks reflect the realities of African infrastructure environments. Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Agree	Existing technology adoption frameworks reflect the realities of African infrastructure environments. Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Strongly Agree
Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management.	Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Strongly Disagree	Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Disagree	Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Neutral	Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Agree	Current frameworks sufficiently address digital adoption challenges in Facility Management. Strongly Agree
African organisations require a context-specific technology adoption framework.	African organisations require a context-specific technology adoption framework. Strongly Disagree	African organisations require a context-specific technology adoption framework. Disagree	African organisations require a context-specific technology adoption framework. Neutral	African organisations require a context-specific technology adoption framework. Agree	African organisations require a context-specific technology adoption framework. Strongly Agree
Infrastructure constraints (power, connectivity, funding) require adaptations to existing models.	Infrastructure constraints (power, connectivity, funding) require adaptations to existing models. Strongly Disagree	Infrastructure constraints (power, connectivity, funding) require adaptations to existing models. Disagree	Infrastructure constraints (power, connectivity, funding) require adaptations to existing models. Neutral	Infrastructure constraints (power, connectivity, funding) require adaptations to existing models. Agree	Infrastructure constraints (power, connectivity, funding) require adaptations to existing models. Strongly Agree
Governance and policy environments influence technology adoption in Africa.	Governance and policy environments influence technology adoption in Africa. Strongly Disagree	Governance and policy environments influence technology adoption in Africa. Disagree	Governance and policy environments influence technology adoption in Africa. Neutral	Governance and policy environments influence technology adoption in Africa. Agree	Governance and policy environments influence technology adoption in Africa. Strongly Agree

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41. In your opinion, what aspects are missing from existing technology adoption frameworks when applied to Facility Management in Africa?

Infrastructure instability (power, connectivity)
Skills shortages and workforce capability

Skills shortages and workforce capability

Vendor ecosystem maturity

Funding and procurement models

Regulatory and governance complexity

Sustainability and ESG requirements

Integration with smart buildings and IoT

Change management in operational environments

Other (please specify)

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42. How valuable would a contextualised African Facility Management Technology Adoption Framework be for your organisation?

Not at all valuable

Not so valuable

Somewhat valuable

Very valuable

Extremely valuable

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43. Rank the most important elements that should be included in a Facility Management technology adoption framework.

Section 6: Regional, Cultural, and Global Technology Adoption Context

The following questions explore regional and cultural factors that may influence technology adoption in Facility Management organisations across Africa, as well as global comparative adoption trends.

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44. To what extent do the following regional factors influence technology adoption in your organisation?

	No Influence	Low Influence	Moderate Influence	High Influence	Very High Influence
Reliability of electricity supply	Reliability of electricity supply No Influence	Reliability of electricity supply Low Influence	Reliability of electricity supply Moderate Influence	Reliability of electricity supply High Influence	Reliability of electricity supply Very High Influence
Internet connectivity and bandwidth availability	Internet connectivity and bandwidth availability No Influence	Internet connectivity and bandwidth availability Low Influence	Internet connectivity and bandwidth availability Moderate Influence	Internet connectivity and bandwidth availability High Influence	Internet connectivity and bandwidth availability Very High Influence
Availability of local technology vendors and support services	Availability of local technology vendors and support services No Influence	Availability of local technology vendors and support services Low Influence	Availability of local technology vendors and support services Moderate Influence	Availability of local technology vendors and support services High Influence	Availability of local technology vendors and support services Very High Influence
Cost of digital infrastructure and hardware	Cost of digital infrastructure and hardware No Influence	Cost of digital infrastructure and hardware Low Influence	Cost of digital infrastructure and hardware Moderate Influence	Cost of digital infrastructure and hardware High Influence	Cost of digital infrastructure and hardware Very High Influence
Access to skilled technology professionals	Access to skilled technology professionals No Influence	Access to skilled technology professionals Low Influence	Access to skilled technology professionals Moderate Influence	Access to skilled technology professionals High Influence	Access to skilled technology professionals Very High Influence
Government digital policies and regulation	Government digital policies and regulation No Influence	Government digital policies and regulation Low Influence	Government digital policies and regulation Moderate Influence	Government digital policies and regulation High Influence	Government digital policies and regulation Very High Influence
National digital transformation initiatives	National digital transformation initiatives No Influence	National digital transformation initiatives Low Influence	National digital transformation initiatives Moderate Influence	National digital transformation initiatives High Influence	National digital transformation initiatives Very High Influence
Access to funding or investment for technology	Access to funding or investment for technology No Influence	Access to funding or investment for technology Low Influence	Access to funding or investment for technology Moderate Influence	Access to funding or investment for technology High Influence	Access to funding or investment for technology Very High Influence

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45. To what extent do the following cultural or organisational factors influence technology adoption in your organisation?

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Employees are generally open to adopting new technologies.	Employees are generally open to adopting new technologies. Strongly Disagree	Employees are generally open to adopting new technologies. Disagree	Employees are generally open to adopting new technologies. Neutral	Employees are generally open to adopting new technologies. Agree	Employees are generally open to adopting new technologies. Strongly Agree
Leadership encourages experimentation with digital solutions.	Leadership encourages experimentation with digital solutions. Strongly Disagree	Leadership encourages experimentation with digital solutions. Disagree	Leadership encourages experimentation with digital solutions. Neutral	Leadership encourages experimentation with digital solutions. Agree	Leadership encourages experimentation with digital solutions. Strongly Agree
Organisational culture supports innovation and continuous improvement.	Organisational culture supports innovation and continuous improvement. Strongly Disagree	Organisational culture supports innovation and continuous improvement. Disagree	Organisational culture supports innovation and continuous improvement. Neutral	Organisational culture supports innovation and continuous improvement. Agree	Organisational culture supports innovation and continuous improvement. Strongly Agree
Employees prefer traditional/manual methods over digital tools.	Employees prefer traditional/manual methods over digital tools. Strongly Disagree	Employees prefer traditional/manual methods over digital tools. Disagree	Employees prefer traditional/manual methods over digital tools. Neutral	Employees prefer traditional/manual methods over digital tools. Agree	Employees prefer traditional/manual methods over digital tools. Strongly Agree
Collaborative decision-making influences technology adoption.	Collaborative decision-making influences technology adoption. Strongly Disagree	Collaborative decision-making influences technology adoption. Disagree	Collaborative decision-making influences technology adoption. Neutral	Collaborative decision-making influences technology adoption. Agree	Collaborative decision-making influences technology adoption. Strongly Agree
Resistance to organisational change slows digital adoption	Resistance to organisational change slows digital adoption Strongly Disagree	Resistance to organisational change slows digital adoption Disagree	Resistance to organisational change slows digital adoption Neutral	Resistance to organisational change slows digital adoption Agree	Resistance to organisational change slows digital adoption Strongly Agree

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46. Compared to organisations in developed regions (e.g., Europe, North America), how would you rate the level of technology adoption in African Facility Management organisations?

	Much Lower	Slightly Lower	Similar	Slightly Higher	Much Higher
Adoption of smart building technologies	Adoption of smart building technologies Much Lower	Adoption of smart building technologies Slightly Lower	Adoption of smart building technologies Similar	Adoption of smart building technologies Slightly Higher	Adoption of smart building technologies Much Higher
Adoption of IoT-enabled facility monitoring	Adoption of IoT-enabled facility monitoring Much Lower	Adoption of IoT-enabled facility monitoring Slightly Lower	Adoption of IoT-enabled facility monitoring Similar	Adoption of IoT-enabled facility monitoring Slightly Higher	Adoption of IoT-enabled facility monitoring Much Higher
Adoption of AI-driven analytics in FM	Adoption of AI-driven analytics in FM Much Lower	Adoption of AI-driven analytics in FM Slightly Lower	Adoption of AI-driven analytics in FM Similar	Adoption of AI-driven analytics in FM Slightly Higher	Adoption of AI-driven analytics in FM Much Higher
Adoption of digital twins / BIM for operations	Adoption of digital twins / BIM for operations Much Lower	Adoption of digital twins / BIM for operations Slightly Lower	Adoption of digital twins / BIM for operations Similar	Adoption of digital twins / BIM for operations Slightly Higher	Adoption of digital twins / BIM for operations Much Higher
Adoption of predictive maintenance technologies	Adoption of predictive maintenance technologies Much Lower	Adoption of predictive maintenance technologies Slightly Lower	Adoption of predictive maintenance technologies Similar	Adoption of predictive maintenance technologies Slightly Higher	Adoption of predictive maintenance technologies Much Higher
Adoption of sustainability and ESG digital tools	Adoption of sustainability and ESG digital tools Much Lower	Adoption of sustainability and ESG digital tools Slightly Lower	Adoption of sustainability and ESG digital tools Similar	Adoption of sustainability and ESG digital tools Slightly Higher	Adoption of sustainability and ESG digital tools Much Higher

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47. Please indicate the level of adoption of the following Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies within your organisation.

	Not Adopted	Early Exploration	Pilot Implementation	Operational Use	Advanced / Integrated
Internet of Things (IoT) sensors	Internet of Things (IoT) sensors Not Adopted	Internet of Things (IoT) sensors Early Exploration	Internet of Things (IoT) sensors Pilot Implementation	Internet of Things (IoT) sensors Operational Use	Internet of Things (IoT) sensors Advanced / Integrated
Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning	Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Not Adopted	Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Early Exploration	Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Pilot Implementation	Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Operational Use	Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Advanced / Integrated
Robotics or automation technologies	Robotics or automation technologies Not Adopted	Robotics or automation technologies Early Exploration	Robotics or automation technologies Pilot Implementation	Robotics or automation technologies Operational Use	Robotics or automation technologies Advanced / Integrated
Cloud-based facility management platforms	Cloud-based facility management platforms Not Adopted	Cloud-based facility management platforms Early Exploration	Cloud-based facility management platforms Pilot Implementation	Cloud-based facility management platforms Operational Use	Cloud-based facility management platforms Advanced / Integrated
Data analytics and predictive maintenance systems	Data analytics and predictive maintenance systems Not Adopted	Data analytics and predictive maintenance systems Early Exploration	Data analytics and predictive maintenance systems Pilot Implementation	Data analytics and predictive maintenance systems Operational Use	Data analytics and predictive maintenance systems Advanced / Integrated

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48. To what extent are the following Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) concepts being adopted or explored within your organisation?

	Not Considered	Awareness Only	Early Exploration	Pilot Projects	Strategic Implementation
Human–machine collaboration in FM operations	Human–machine collaboration in FM operations Not Considered	Human–machine collaboration in FM operations Awareness Only	Human–machine collaboration in FM operations Early Exploration	Human–machine collaboration in FM operations Pilot Projects	Human–machine collaboration in FM operations Strategic Implementation
Ethical AI governance frameworks	Ethical AI governance frameworks Not Considered	Ethical AI governance frameworks Awareness Only	Ethical AI governance frameworks Early Exploration	Ethical AI governance frameworks Pilot Projects	Ethical AI governance frameworks Strategic Implementation
Technology solutions focused on employee wellbeing	Technology solutions focused on employee wellbeing Not Considered	Technology solutions focused on employee wellbeing Awareness Only	Technology solutions focused on employee wellbeing Early Exploration	Technology solutions focused on employee wellbeing Pilot Projects	Technology solutions focused on employee wellbeing Strategic Implementation
Technology supporting sustainability and circular economy	Technology supporting sustainability and circular economy Not Considered	Technology supporting sustainability and circular economy Awareness Only	Technology supporting sustainability and circular economy Early Exploration	Technology supporting sustainability and circular economy Pilot Projects	Technology supporting sustainability and circular economy Strategic Implementation
Human-centric digital workplace design	Human-centric digital workplace design Not Considered	Human-centric digital workplace design Awareness Only	Human-centric digital workplace design Early Exploration	Human-centric digital workplace design Pilot Projects	Human-centric digital workplace design Strategic Implementation

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49. In your opinion, how does Africa’s adoption of 4IR technologies compare to global adoption?

Africa is significantly behind global adoption levels

Africa is somewhat behind global adoption levels

Africa is progressing at a similar pace

Africa is adopting faster in some sectors

Unsure

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50. Which factors most limit technology adoption in Africa compared to global markets?

Infrastructure limitations (power/internet)

Limited digital skills workforce

Funding and capital constraints

Limited local vendor ecosystem

Regulatory or policy challenges

Resistance to organisational change

Technology cost barriers

Lack of awareness of emerging technologies

Other (please specify)

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51. Rank the most important actions that could accelerate technology adoption in the African Facility Management sector.

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52. Africa has the potential to leapfrog traditional technology adoption stages by adopting advanced digital technologies directly

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

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53. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding digital skills within your organisation?

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Our FM workforce has sufficient digital skills to support new technologies.	Our FM workforce has sufficient digital skills to support new technologies. Strongly Disagree	Our FM workforce has sufficient digital skills to support new technologies. Disagree	Our FM workforce has sufficient digital skills to support new technologies. Neutral	Our FM workforce has sufficient digital skills to support new technologies. Agree	Our FM workforce has sufficient digital skills to support new technologies. Strongly Agree
Staff receive regular training on digital tools and systems.	Staff receive regular training on digital tools and systems. Strongly Disagree	Staff receive regular training on digital tools and systems. Disagree	Staff receive regular training on digital tools and systems. Neutral	Staff receive regular training on digital tools and systems. Agree	Staff receive regular training on digital tools and systems. Strongly Agree
Digital skills shortages slow the implementation of new technologies.	Digital skills shortages slow the implementation of new technologies. Strongly Disagree	Digital skills shortages slow the implementation of new technologies. Disagree	Digital skills shortages slow the implementation of new technologies. Neutral	Digital skills shortages slow the implementation of new technologies. Agree	Digital skills shortages slow the implementation of new technologies. Strongly Agree
Our organisation invests in continuous technology training.	Our organisation invests in continuous technology training. Strongly Disagree	Our organisation invests in continuous technology training. Disagree	Our organisation invests in continuous technology training. Neutral	Our organisation invests in continuous technology training. Agree	Our organisation invests in continuous technology training. Strongly Agree
External consultants are often required to support digital implementations.	External consultants are often required to support digital implementations. Strongly Disagree	External consultants are often required to support digital implementations. Disagree	External consultants are often required to support digital implementations. Neutral	External consultants are often required to support digital implementations. Agree	External consultants are often required to support digital implementations. Strongly Agree

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54. African adoption studies highlight weak vendor ecosystems and limited local technical support.

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Reliable local technology vendors are available in our region.	Reliable local technology vendors are available in our region. Strongly Disagree	Reliable local technology vendors are available in our region. Disagree	Reliable local technology vendors are available in our region. Neutral	Reliable local technology vendors are available in our region. Agree	Reliable local technology vendors are available in our region. Strongly Agree
Vendor support and maintenance services are easily accessible.	Vendor support and maintenance services are easily accessible. Strongly Disagree	Vendor support and maintenance services are easily accessible. Disagree	Vendor support and maintenance services are easily accessible. Neutral	Vendor support and maintenance services are easily accessible. Agree	Vendor support and maintenance services are easily accessible. Strongly Agree
Technology solutions are adapted to local African operational environments.	Technology solutions are adapted to local African operational environments. Strongly Disagree	Technology solutions are adapted to local African operational environments. Disagree	Technology solutions are adapted to local African operational environments. Neutral	Technology solutions are adapted to local African operational environments. Agree	Technology solutions are adapted to local African operational environments. Strongly Agree
Vendor pricing models are suitable for our organisation.	Vendor pricing models are suitable for our organisation. Strongly Disagree	Vendor pricing models are suitable for our organisation. Disagree	Vendor pricing models are suitable for our organisation. Neutral	Vendor pricing models are suitable for our organisation. Agree	Vendor pricing models are suitable for our organisation. Strongly Agree
We depend on international vendors for most digital solutions.	We depend on international vendors for most digital solutions. Strongly Disagree	We depend on international vendors for most digital solutions. Disagree	We depend on international vendors for most digital solutions. Neutral	We depend on international vendors for most digital solutions. Agree	We depend on international vendors for most digital solutions. Strongly Agree

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55. FM technology adoption heavily depends on data quality and digital infrastructure readiness

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Our organisation maintains accurate asset and facilities data.	Our organisation maintains accurate asset and facilities data. Strongly Disagree	Our organisation maintains accurate asset and facilities data. Disagree	Our organisation maintains accurate asset and facilities data. Neutral	Our organisation maintains accurate asset and facilities data. Agree	Our organisation maintains accurate asset and facilities data. Strongly Agree
Our systems allow integration between FM, finance, and operational platforms.	Our systems allow integration between FM, finance, and operational platforms. Strongly Disagree	Our systems allow integration between FM, finance, and operational platforms. Disagree	Our systems allow integration between FM, finance, and operational platforms. Neutral	Our systems allow integration between FM, finance, and operational platforms. Agree	Our systems allow integration between FM, finance, and operational platforms. Strongly Agree
Data from facilities systems is used for decision-making.	Data from facilities systems is used for decision-making. Strongly Disagree	Data from facilities systems is used for decision-making. Disagree	Data from facilities systems is used for decision-making. Neutral	Data from facilities systems is used for decision-making. Agree	Data from facilities systems is used for decision-making. Strongly Agree
Data quality challenges limit the value of digital technologies.	Data quality challenges limit the value of digital technologies. Strongly Disagree	Data quality challenges limit the value of digital technologies. Disagree	Data quality challenges limit the value of digital technologies. Neutral	Data quality challenges limit the value of digital technologies. Agree	Data quality challenges limit the value of digital technologies. Strongly Agree
Cybersecurity policies exist for facility technologies.	Cybersecurity policies exist for facility technologies. Strongly Disagree	Cybersecurity policies exist for facility technologies. Disagree	Cybersecurity policies exist for facility technologies. Neutral	Cybersecurity policies exist for facility technologies. Agree	Cybersecurity policies exist for facility technologies. Strongly Agree

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56. Many organisations hesitate to adopt technology because ROI is difficult to measure.

	Strongly Agree	Disagree	Neither agree nor disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics.	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Strongly Agree	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Disagree	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Neither agree nor disagree	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Agree	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Strongly Agree
Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology.	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Strongly Agree	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Disagree	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Neither agree nor disagree	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Agree	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Strongly Agree
Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable Strongly Agree	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable Disagree	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable Neither agree nor disagree	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable Agree	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable Strongly Agree
Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies.	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Strongly Agree	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Disagree	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Neither agree nor disagree	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Agree	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Strongly Agree

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57. Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies.

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Disagree or Agree	Agree	Strongly Agree
Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics.	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Strongly Disagree	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Disagree	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Neither Disagree or Agree	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Agree	Technology investments are evaluated using clear financial metrics. Strongly Agree
Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology.	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Strongly Disagree	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Disagree	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Neither Disagree or Agree	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Agree	Our organisation measures ROI after implementing technology. Strongly Agree
Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable.	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable. Strongly Disagree	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable. Disagree	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable. Neither Disagree or Agree	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable. Agree	Cost savings from digital technologies are visible and measurable. Strongly Agree
Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies.	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Strongly Disagree	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Disagree	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Neither Disagree or Agree	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Agree	Budget constraints limit the adoption of advanced technologies. Strongly Agree

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58. Which statement best describes your organisation's technology adoption approach?

Early adopter – actively experimenting with new technologies

Progressive adopter – implementing proven technologies

Conservative adopter – adopt technologies after industry validation

Late adopter – adopt technologies only when necessary

Minimal adopter – limited digital adoption

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59. In emerging markets, industry collaboration networks strongly influence the diffusion of technology.

	Strongly Disgaree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Our organisation participates in industry forums on digital innovation.	Our organisation participates in industry forums on digital innovation. Strongly Disgaree	Our organisation participates in industry forums on digital innovation. Disagree	Our organisation participates in industry forums on digital innovation. Neutral	Our organisation participates in industry forums on digital innovation. Agree	Our organisation participates in industry forums on digital innovation. Strongly Agree
We learn from the technology adoption experiences of peer organisations.	We learn from the technology adoption experiences of peer organisations. Strongly Disgaree	We learn from the technology adoption experiences of peer organisations. Disagree	We learn from the technology adoption experiences of peer organisations. Neutral	We learn from the technology adoption experiences of peer organisations. Agree	We learn from the technology adoption experiences of peer organisations. Strongly Agree
Professional associations influence technology adoption decisions.	Professional associations influence technology adoption decisions. Strongly Disgaree	Professional associations influence technology adoption decisions. Disagree	Professional associations influence technology adoption decisions. Neutral	Professional associations influence technology adoption decisions. Agree	Professional associations influence technology adoption decisions. Strongly Agree
Partnerships with universities or research institutions support innovation.	Partnerships with universities or research institutions support innovation. Strongly Disgaree	Partnerships with universities or research institutions support innovation. Disagree	Partnerships with universities or research institutions support innovation. Neutral	Partnerships with universities or research institutions support innovation. Agree	Partnerships with universities or research institutions support innovation. Strongly Agree

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60. A link exists between adoption and sustainability goals, which is central in modern FM literature.

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Digital technologies help reduce energy consumption.	Digital technologies help reduce energy consumption. Strongly Disagree	Digital technologies help reduce energy consumption. Disagree	Digital technologies help reduce energy consumption. Neutral	Digital technologies help reduce energy consumption. Agree	Digital technologies help reduce energy consumption. Strongly Agree
Technology adoption supports sustainability reporting requirements.	Technology adoption supports sustainability reporting requirements. Strongly Disagree	Technology adoption supports sustainability reporting requirements. Disagree	Technology adoption supports sustainability reporting requirements. Neutral	Technology adoption supports sustainability reporting requirements. Agree	Technology adoption supports sustainability reporting requirements. Strongly Agree
Smart building technologies contribute to environmental performance.	Smart building technologies contribute to environmental performance. Strongly Disagree	Smart building technologies contribute to environmental performance. Disagree	Smart building technologies contribute to environmental performance. Neutral	Smart building technologies contribute to environmental performance. Agree	Smart building technologies contribute to environmental performance. Strongly Agree
Sustainability objectives influence digital investment decisions.	Sustainability objectives influence digital investment decisions. Strongly Disagree	Sustainability objectives influence digital investment decisions. Disagree	Sustainability objectives influence digital investment decisions. Neutral	Sustainability objectives influence digital investment decisions. Agree	Sustainability objectives influence digital investment decisions. Strongly Agree

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61. Risk perception is a strong determinant of adoption decisions

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Disagree or Agree	Agree	Strongly Agree
Technology projects carry significant financial risk.	Technology projects carry significant financial risk. Strongly Disagree	Technology projects carry significant financial risk. Disagree	Technology projects carry significant financial risk. Neither Disagree or Agree	Technology projects carry significant financial risk. Agree	Technology projects carry significant financial risk. Strongly Agree
Technology failures could disrupt facility operations.	Technology failures could disrupt facility operations. Strongly Disagree	Technology failures could disrupt facility operations. Disagree	Technology failures could disrupt facility operations. Neither Disagree or Agree	Technology failures could disrupt facility operations. Agree	Technology failures could disrupt facility operations. Strongly Agree
Cybersecurity risks slow adoption of smart technologies.	Cybersecurity risks slow adoption of smart technologies. Strongly Disagree	Cybersecurity risks slow adoption of smart technologies. Disagree	Cybersecurity risks slow adoption of smart technologies. Neither Disagree or Agree	Cybersecurity risks slow adoption of smart technologies. Agree	Cybersecurity risks slow adoption of smart technologies. Strongly Agree
Leadership is cautious about adopting emerging technologies.	Leadership is cautious about adopting emerging technologies. Strongly Disagree	Leadership is cautious about adopting emerging technologies. Disagree	Leadership is cautious about adopting emerging technologies. Neither Disagree or Agree	Leadership is cautious about adopting emerging technologies. Agree	Leadership is cautious about adopting emerging technologies. Strongly Agree

Question Title

62. Government policies strongly influence the diffusion of technology in Africa.

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Government digital policies encourage technology adoption.	Government digital policies encourage technology adoption. Strongly Disagree	Government digital policies encourage technology adoption. Disagree	Government digital policies encourage technology adoption. Neutral	Government digital policies encourage technology adoption. Agree	Government digital policies encourage technology adoption. Strongly Agree
Regulatory frameworks support digital infrastructure development.	Regulatory frameworks support digital infrastructure development. Strongly Disagree	Regulatory frameworks support digital infrastructure development. Disagree	Regulatory frameworks support digital infrastructure development. Neutral	Regulatory frameworks support digital infrastructure development. Agree	Regulatory frameworks support digital infrastructure development. Strongly Agree
Procurement policies enable technology innovation.	Procurement policies enable technology innovation. Strongly Disagree	Procurement policies enable technology innovation. Disagree	Procurement policies enable technology innovation. Neutral	Procurement policies enable technology innovation. Agree	Procurement policies enable technology innovation. Strongly Agree
Public sector investment influences digital transformation.	Public sector investment influences digital transformation. Strongly Disagree	Public sector investment influences digital transformation. Disagree	Public sector investment influences digital transformation. Neutral	Public sector investment influences digital transformation. Agree	Public sector investment influences digital transformation. Strongly Agree

Question Title

63. Rank the most important factors for successful technology adoption.

Question Title

64. Technological adoption translates to improved performance outcomes.

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
Technology improves service response times.	Technology improves service response times. Strongly Disagree	Technology improves service response times. Disagree	Technology improves service response times. Neutral	Technology improves service response times. Agree	Technology improves service response times. Strongly Agree
Technology improves asset reliability.	Technology improves asset reliability. Strongly Disagree	Technology improves asset reliability. Disagree	Technology improves asset reliability. Neutral	Technology improves asset reliability. Agree	Technology improves asset reliability. Strongly Agree
Technology reduces operational costs.	Technology reduces operational costs. Strongly Disagree	Technology reduces operational costs. Disagree	Technology reduces operational costs. Neutral	Technology reduces operational costs. Agree	Technology reduces operational costs. Strongly Agree
Technology improves occupant satisfaction.	Technology improves occupant satisfaction. Strongly Disagree	Technology improves occupant satisfaction. Disagree	Technology improves occupant satisfaction. Neutral	Technology improves occupant satisfaction. Agree	Technology improves occupant satisfaction. Strongly Agree

Question Title

65. Which technologies will be priorities in the next 3–5 years?

AI-driven facilities analytics

Digital twin platforms

Autonomous maintenance systems

Smart energy management

Integrated workplace experience platforms

Robotics for maintenance and inspection

ESG reporting platforms

Question Title

66. Additional comments (optional):

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100% of survey complete.

Developing a Conceptual Technology Adoption Framework for Facility Management (FM) Organisations in Africa: Leapfrogging the Fourth Industrial Revolution & the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR)

1. Survey Details

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1. Job Title:

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2. Function/Department

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3. Management level:

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4. No of years working in FM:

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5. Which is your primary country of operation :

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6. Type of organisation:

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7. What is the FM scope of services your organisation focuses on (select all):

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8. Organisation size (employees):

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9. Which technologies are currently used in your FM operations? (Select all that apply)

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10. How much annual budget does your organisation allocate to digital/FM tech (% of OPEX):

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11. What are the primary objectives for technology adoption in your organisation (choose up to 3):

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12. High implementation/maintenance costs“The cost of implementing and maintaining this solution is manageable.”

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13. Inadequate digital infrastructure/connectivity"Our digital infrastructure and connectivity are adequate to support new initiatives."

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14. Skills gaps and limited training capacity“Our team possesses the necessary skills and access to training to support new initiatives.”

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15. Cybersecurity/privacy concerns“Our organisation has strong measures in place to protect data privacy and cybersecurity.”

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16. Cultural resistance to change“Our organisation is open to change and willing to adopt new ways of working.”

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17. Unclear ROI/business case“The expected return on investment and business value of this initiative are clearly defined.

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18. Lack of top management sponsorship“Senior leadership actively supports and champions this initiative.”

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19. Legacy systems/process complexity“Our existing systems and processes are flexible enough to support new solutions.”

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20. Vendor/market fragmentation“We have access to a well-coordinated and reliable network of vendors and market solutions.”

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21. Regulatory/policy constraints“Regulatory and policy requirements are well understood and do not hinder progress.”

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22. Executive leadership commitment to digital FM“Our executive leadership is committed to driving digital facilities management initiatives.”

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23. Clear digital/FM roadmap and governance“Our organization has a clear roadmap and governance structure for digital facilities management.”

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24. Adequate budget and financial mechanisms“Our organisation has sufficient budget and financial processes to support this initiative.”

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25. Workforce digital literacy/training availability“Our workforce has the digital skills and access to training needed to support this initiative.”

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26. Partnership ecosystem (vendors, universities, startups)“We have strong partnerships with vendors, universities, and startups that support our digital initiatives.”

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27. Data quality, governance and interoperability“Our data is accurate, well-managed, and easily shared across systems.”

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28. Agile, innovation-supportive culture“Our organisation encourages innovation and adapts quickly to change.”

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29. Strong change management capability“Our organisation effectively manages change and supports employees through transitions.”

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30. Clear cybersecurity and privacy controls“Our organisation has clearly defined controls to protect cybersecurity and data privacy.”

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31. Reported benefits achieved to date (select all):Please select all benefits that apply, based on your current progress and observations. These insights will help identify what’s working well and where further support may be needed.

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32. Likelihood to invest in 5IR (human–machine collaboration, ethical AI) in the next 3 yearsPlease rate your organisation’s likelihood to invest in human–machine collaboration and ethical AI over the next three years using the following scale:

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34. Government or industry incentives encourage adoption.

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35. Local vendor support accelerates technology adoption.

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36. Which of the following technology adoption frameworks are you familiar with?

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37. Does your organisation use a technology adoption framework

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38. How are technology adoption decisions typically made in your organisation?

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39. Using a structured technology adoption framework would improve the success of digital initiatives in Facility Management.

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12. High implementation/maintenance costs

“The cost of implementing and maintaining this solution is manageable.”

13. Inadequate digital infrastructure/connectivity

"Our digital infrastructure and connectivity are adequate to support new initiatives."

14. Skills gaps and limited training capacity

“Our team possesses the necessary skills and access to training to support new initiatives.”

15. Cybersecurity/privacy concerns

“Our organisation has strong measures in place to protect data privacy and cybersecurity.”

16. Cultural resistance to change

“Our organisation is open to change and willing to adopt new ways of working.”

17. Unclear ROI/business case

“The expected return on investment and business value of this initiative are clearly defined.

18. Lack of top management sponsorship

“Senior leadership actively supports and champions this initiative.”

19. Legacy systems/process complexity

“Our existing systems and processes are flexible enough to support new solutions.”

20. Vendor/market fragmentation

“We have access to a well-coordinated and reliable network of vendors and market solutions.”

21. Regulatory/policy constraints

“Regulatory and policy requirements are well understood and do not hinder progress.”

22. Executive leadership commitment to digital FM

“Our executive leadership is committed to driving digital facilities management initiatives.”

23. Clear digital/FM roadmap and governance

“Our organization has a clear roadmap and governance structure for digital facilities management.”

24. Adequate budget and financial mechanisms

“Our organisation has sufficient budget and financial processes to support this initiative.”

25. Workforce digital literacy/training availability

“Our workforce has the digital skills and access to training needed to support this initiative.”

26. Partnership ecosystem (vendors, universities, startups)

“We have strong partnerships with vendors, universities, and startups that support our digital initiatives.”

27. Data quality, governance and interoperability

“Our data is accurate, well-managed, and easily shared across systems.”

28. Agile, innovation-supportive culture

“Our organisation encourages innovation and adapts quickly to change.”

29. Strong change management capability

“Our organisation effectively manages change and supports employees through transitions.”

30. Clear cybersecurity and privacy controls

“Our organisation has clearly defined controls to protect cybersecurity and data privacy.”

31. Reported benefits achieved to date (select all):

Please select all benefits that apply, based on your current progress and observations. These insights will help identify what’s working well and where further support may be needed.

32. Likelihood to invest in 5IR (human–machine collaboration, ethical AI) in the next 3 years

Please rate your organisation’s likelihood to invest in human–machine collaboration and ethical AI over the next three years using the following scale: