Patient Survey on the use of Artificial Intelligence in diagnosis and treatment.

14.Introduction

Dear Participant,

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, and especially in radiology, has increased rapidly in recent years, but little is known about how patients feel about AI and whether there are any concerns. The successful integration and implementation of AI into routine clinical practice depends not only on numerous technical challenges, but also on whether you as a patient can accept and trust it.

Herewith, we offer you the opportunity to answer a short questionnaire that captures your evaluation towards diagnosis and therapy with AI and your concerns about possible changes in the doctor*patient interaction. In addition, we would like to investigate the interplay of interpersonal control of AI and its acceptance depending on the severity of the disease and find out whether the offer of AI software to clinics and practices is perceived by you as a positive or negative factor.

In doing so, you will be making an important contribution to our understanding of how artificial intelligence should be developed to provide the greatest benefit to you while also being trustworthy.

The survey is anonymous, no identifiable data will be collected.

Your participation is voluntary, and you can withdraw your willingness to participate at any time without giving any reason and without any disadvantages.

The evaluation of your survey will be stored on the protected server of Ulster University Belfast, to which only the study team has access. In accordance with legal requirements, the documents will be stored for 10 years after the end of the study on the protected servers and then deleted or destroyed.

All data is anonymous and the survey should try approximately 5 minutes to complete.

Please click below to confirm you consent to participating in the study.

Thank you for your participation.

Kind regards

The research team

1.I understand that the survey is anonymous and my participation is voluntary(Required.)

Yes

Other (specify)

2.I am free to withdraw at any time, for any reason, without explanation.(Required.)

Yes

3.I have read the participant information sheet(Required.)

Yes

4.I agree with the above statements and consent to participate in the study(Required.)

Yes

5.What is your gender?(Required.)

Female

Male

Diverse

6.What is your age (years)?(Required.)

7.Have you received radiotherapy or been a patient in the diagnostic imaging department (had an x-ray/scan) ?(Required.)

Yes

8.If you have had a previous examination how recent was this?(Required.)

11.If you received an examination what country was it in ?(Required.)

12.What is the highest level of education you have completed?(Required.)

15.How would you rate your knowledge of artificial intelligence (AI)?(Required.)

No knowledge (never heard of AI)

Little knowledge (e.g., documentary seen on television)

Good knowledge (e.g., read several articles about AI)

Expert (e.g., involved in AI development)

16.What are your general views on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine?(Required.)

17.Artificial intelligence (AI) should be increasingly used in the healthcare sector.(Required.)

Trust in Artificial Intelligence (AI)

22.Which of the following statements about a potential application of AI in medicine do you most likely agree with?(Required.)

No use of AI independent of the disease.

Use only for minor illnesses (e.g., cold).

Use also for moderately severe diseases (e.g., appendicitis).

Use also for severe diseases (e.g., cancer, traffic accidents).

23.I would trust a highly accurate AI to make a vital decision for me.(Required.)

Artificial intelligence (AI) and diagnosis

24.How would you feel it if a certified AI software analyses and reports on your X-ray images/scan instead of the doctor/health professional?(Required.)

25.How would you rate it if a certified AI software diagnoses cancer?(Required.)

26.How would you rate it if a certified AI software would be available to doctors as a second opinion?

27.If the AI system is responsible for making a diagnosis. What would you prefer?(Required.)

A high degree of accuracy, the decision path is clearly comprehensible (explainable AI)

A higher degree of accuracy, the decision path however is unclear to the doctor/health professional.

28.If the AI is responsible for making a diagnosis. What would you prefer?(Required.)

The AI misses almost no diagnosis, but often gives a false alarm.

The AI almost never gives a false alarm, but sometimes misses a diagnosis.

The AI gives a false alarm about as often as it misses a diagnosis.

29.If an AI has about the same accuracy as doctors. Which situation for a diagnosis would you prefer?(Required.)

AI makes the diagnosis alone.

AI & physicians make the diagnosis together. Doctors make the final decision.

AI & physicians make the diagnosis together. Both have equal authority.

AI & physicians make the diagnosis together. The AI makes the final decision.

Physicians make the diagnosis alone.

Attitudes and concerns about artificial intelligence (AI)

30.What do you think of healthcare facilities (clinics, practices) using AI software to aid in diagnosis?(Required.)

31.Would you prefer to visit healthcare facilities that use AI software?(Required.)

Always prefer facilities with AI.

Rather prefer facilities with AI.

Tend to prefer facilities without AI.

Always prefer facilities without AI.

32.How concerned are you about AI compromising the protection of your personal data?(Required.)

33.How concerned are you that the use of AI will reduce the contact between physicians and patients?(Required.)

34.How concerned are you that AI could replace human doctors in the future?(Required.)

35.How concerned are you that the use of AI will lead to higher healthcare costs?(Required.)

Thank you for your time!

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