Swine Journal Club - May 2026

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* 1. What is your first name?

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* 2. What is your last name?

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* 3. What is your email address?

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* 4. What are the major parameters determining the occurrence and the concentration of emerging mycotoxins in crops and animal feed?

Weather conditions, crop types grown, and the altitude of the agricultural land.

Agricultural practices, geographical location, and season of the year

Geographical location, weather conditions, and agricultural practices

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* 5. How could the high level of co-occurrence of emerging mycotoxins with regulated mycotoxins be explained?

Conditions for mycotoxin production favor all different molds/fungi to produce their specific type of mycotoxins.

The most dominant mold/fungi species can produce several types of mycotoxins, both regulated and emerging mycotoxins.

Until now, no clear explanation for the co-occurrence of both types of mycotoxins has been found.

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* 6. What were the negative effects of concurrent exposure of pigs through the feed with BEA, ENN, and DON?

The symptoms were identical to the effects of DON, since both EM were dosed at too low a level to have any effect.

The pigs suffered from respiratory distress and diffuse bleeding in several internal organs.

The pigs had an altered microbiome and decreased weight gain, combined with organ lesions.

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* 7. What is one of the major limitations observed with experimental studies on the co-occurrence of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in pigs, poultry, and aquaculture?

The doses used in these studies were low compared to the current field situation.

The experimental studies use purified mycotoxin solutions, which are not representative of the field situation.

The studies predominantly used mycotoxin standard solutions or fungal cultures, resulting in high contamination levels as compared to the levels observed under field conditions.

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* 8. What is currently the most important challenge in looking into effective mycotoxin mitigation strategies?

Only one of the current mycotoxin binders can simultaneously bind enniatins, stigmatocystin, beauvericin, nivalenol, and diacetoxyscirpenol.

The choice within the mycotoxin binder range is large, and all products have proven efficacy in binding both regulated and emerging mycotoxins.

The clay-based mycotoxin binders seem to exhibit a natural tropism that effectively binds emerging mycotoxins.