Maximising crop benefits and minimising weed burdens with smart phase farming (Farmers)

Farmer's survey

This project will compare the paddock management practices of growers using pasture phases with growers that have little rotational diversity and correlating paddock management practices with the weed seed bank size in the WA wheatbelt. Seedbank evaluation on these selected farms will quantify the effectiveness of disruptive pasture phases in achieving low weed seed banks.

This survey is part from a 3-year project aiming to achieve the following objectives:

Overall objective: Reduce the impact of weeds on grain yield as well as their associated control costs through the use and appropriate management of annual serradella pasture phases in the areas where serradella is adapted.

Key objectives:
• Demonstrate to industry that weed management strategies can be employed effectively in the serradella pasture phase to eliminate weed seed set.
• Demonstrate to industry the effectiveness and economics of disruptive serradella pasture phases in reducing weed impact on the overall grain cropping system.
• Deliver information to growers and advisers on the impact of serradella phase pastures as part of an overall Integrated Weed Management system.
• Australian grain growers will use annual serradella pasture phases to reduce the weed burden in the cropping phase and increase overall whole farm profitability.

Yaseen Khalil, PhD
Research Associate
School of Agriculture and Environment / Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI) • M086, Perth WA 6009 Australia
Mobile: +61 449 880 461 • E-mail: yaseen.khalil@uwa.edu.au

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* 1. Farmer’s name

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* 2. Contact details

Name

Company

Address

Address 2

City/Town

State/Province

ZIP/Postal Code

Country

Email Address

Phone Number

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* 3. Farm address if different than the mentioned before.

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* 4. Please provide directions (share location) to the paddock you are providing details about in your answers for future soil sampling.

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* 5. Farm size (ha)

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* 6. Average annual rainfall (mm)

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* 7. Growing season rainfall (mm)

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* 8. Pasture proportion (%)

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* 9. Pasture phase length (year)

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* 10. Serradella area (ha)

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* 11. Farming system (farming enterprises)

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* 12. What proportion of your cropping land has a herbicide resistant weed population? What herbicides are weed resistant to?

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* 13. What are your perceived benefits of legume pasture phases?

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* 14. Do you use serradella? Why/why not?

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* 15. Is serradella a high or low input pasture?

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* 16. What pasture species/variety are you using?

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* 17. Do you grow mixture of different species/varieties in your pasture phase?

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* 18. Source of your pasture seeds

Purchased

Farm saved

Cleaned

Other (please specify)

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* 19. What is your serradella/pasture sowing rate?

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* 20. What is your serradella/pasture row spacing?

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* 21. What is your serradella/Pasture time of sowing?

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* 22. How often are you sowing your pasture phase?

Every year

Every second year

Every third year

Other (please specify)

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* 23. What method of sowing do you using for your pasture?

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* 24. What is your fertilization for your pasture?

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* 25. What weed problems do you have in your cropping phase?

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* 26. What weed problems do you have in your pasture phase?

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* 27. How do you plan to use serradella in the future?

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* 28. What was your past six-year paddock rotation and what weed management techniques did you use in each year?

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* 29. What is your future planned six-year paddock rotation and what weed management techniques will you be using in each year?

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* 30. Non-herbicidal weed control tactics used to lower the weed seed bank. Tick the ones you are using.

	Wheat	Barley	Canola	Lupins	Peas	Oats	Others
Harrington Seed Destructor or other seed impact mill	Harrington Seed Destructor or other seed impact mill Wheat	Harrington Seed Destructor or other seed impact mill Barley	Harrington Seed Destructor or other seed impact mill Canola	Harrington Seed Destructor or other seed impact mill Lupins	Harrington Seed Destructor or other seed impact mill Peas	Harrington Seed Destructor or other seed impact mill Oats	Harrington Seed Destructor or other seed impact mill Others
Narrow windrow burning	Narrow windrow burning Wheat	Narrow windrow burning Barley	Narrow windrow burning Canola	Narrow windrow burning Lupins	Narrow windrow burning Peas	Narrow windrow burning Oats	Narrow windrow burning Others
Chaff lining	Chaff lining Wheat	Chaff lining Barley	Chaff lining Canola	Chaff lining Lupins	Chaff lining Peas	Chaff lining Oats	Chaff lining Others
Chaff tramlining	Chaff tramlining Wheat	Chaff tramlining Barley	Chaff tramlining Canola	Chaff tramlining Lupins	Chaff tramlining Peas	Chaff tramlining Oats	Chaff tramlining Others
Chaff cart	Chaff cart Wheat	Chaff cart Barley	Chaff cart Canola	Chaff cart Lupins	Chaff cart Peas	Chaff cart Oats	Chaff cart Others
Bale-direct	Bale-direct Wheat	Bale-direct Barley	Bale-direct Canola	Bale-direct Lupins	Bale-direct Peas	Bale-direct Oats	Bale-direct Others
Delayed seeding	Delayed seeding Wheat	Delayed seeding Barley	Delayed seeding Canola	Delayed seeding Lupins	Delayed seeding Peas	Delayed seeding Oats	Delayed seeding Others
Cultivation (fallow)	Cultivation (fallow) Wheat	Cultivation (fallow) Barley	Cultivation (fallow) Canola	Cultivation (fallow) Lupins	Cultivation (fallow) Peas	Cultivation (fallow) Oats	Cultivation (fallow) Others
Green manuring	Green manuring Wheat	Green manuring Barley	Green manuring Canola	Green manuring Lupins	Green manuring Peas	Green manuring Oats	Green manuring Others
Brown manuring	Brown manuring Wheat	Brown manuring Barley	Brown manuring Canola	Brown manuring Lupins	Brown manuring Peas	Brown manuring Oats	Brown manuring Others
Silage production	Silage production Wheat	Silage production Barley	Silage production Canola	Silage production Lupins	Silage production Peas	Silage production Oats	Silage production Others
Silage + Spray	Silage + Spray Wheat	Silage + Spray Barley	Silage + Spray Canola	Silage + Spray Lupins	Silage + Spray Peas	Silage + Spray Oats	Silage + Spray Others
Swathing	Swathing Wheat	Swathing Barley	Swathing Canola	Swathing Lupins	Swathing Peas	Swathing Oats	Swathing Others
Swathing + Spray	Swathing + Spray Wheat	Swathing + Spray Barley	Swathing + Spray Canola	Swathing + Spray Lupins	Swathing + Spray Peas	Swathing + Spray Oats	Swathing + Spray Others
Hay production	Hay production Wheat	Hay production Barley	Hay production Canola	Hay production Lupins	Hay production Peas	Hay production Oats	Hay production Others
Hay + Spray	Hay + Spray Wheat	Hay + Spray Barley	Hay + Spray Canola	Hay + Spray Lupins	Hay + Spray Peas	Hay + Spray Oats	Hay + Spray Others
Mowing	Mowing Wheat	Mowing Barley	Mowing Canola	Mowing Lupins	Mowing Peas	Mowing Oats	Mowing Others
Mowing + Spray	Mowing + Spray Wheat	Mowing + Spray Barley	Mowing + Spray Canola	Mowing + Spray Lupins	Mowing + Spray Peas	Mowing + Spray Oats	Mowing + Spray Others
Bury weed seed (moldboard ploughing)	Bury weed seed (moldboard ploughing) Wheat	Bury weed seed (moldboard ploughing) Barley	Bury weed seed (moldboard ploughing) Canola	Bury weed seed (moldboard ploughing) Lupins	Bury weed seed (moldboard ploughing) Peas	Bury weed seed (moldboard ploughing) Oats	Bury weed seed (moldboard ploughing) Others

Other (please specify)

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* 31. What knock-down herbicide(s) do you use in your copping phases? What is the application rate and time? What weeds do you target by this?

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* 32. What pre-emergent herbicide(s) do you use in your copping phases? What is the application rate and time? What weeds do you target by this?

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* 33. What post-emergent herbicide(s) do you use in your copping phases? What is the application rate and time? What weeds do you target by this?

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* 34. In the pasture phase, what practices (green manuring, silage, hay, mowing+spray, spray-topping, brown manuring, ..) do you use to control weeds? What weeds do you target and how effective are they against weeds?

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* 35. What knock-down herbicide(s) (with or without autumn tickle) do you use in your pasture phases? What is the application rate and time? What weeds do you target by this?

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* 36. Do you do any pre-emergence herbicide application for your pastures? If yes, what is the herbicide, application rate, application time you use? What weeds are you targeting?

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* 37. What post-emergent herbicide do you use for your pastures and what is the herbicide, application rate, application time do you use? What weeds are you targeting?

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* 38. Do you kill pastures early for weed control purposes? If yes, please provide details.

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* 39. Do you use weed wiper? If yes, please provide details.

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* 40. In addition to the practices mentioned above, do you use grazing as a mean for weed control? If yes, how effective is it in controlling weeds? What weeds do you target? What Dry Sheep Equivalent (DSE) values do you have and for how long do you graze? What breed, density and timing do you use to graze?

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* 41. What are the two most common weeds in your serradella (pasture phase)?

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* 42. What constraint(s) most limit your serradella (pasture phase) production?


Weeds	Weeds
Diseases	Diseases
Insects	Insects
Nematodes	Nematodes
Herbicide residues	Herbicide residues
Seed price	Seed price

Other (please specify)

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* 43. How have your weeds changed (herbicide resistance, species shift, early/late flowering, early/late emergence ...) over the years?

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* 44. Across your farming system, which weed species are you concerned about the most?

Others

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* 45. If you could get 100% weed control in serradella, what is the maximum length of serredella phase that you would use to drive down weed seed banks?

One year

Two years

Three years

Other (please specify)

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* 46. What would be the most beneficial part(s) of a short term serredella phases?


Nitrogen	Nitrogen
Nematodes	Nematodes
Weeds	Weeds
Disease break	Disease break
Rotation benefits	Rotation benefits
Yield	Yield

Other (please specify)

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* 47. What sort of yield response (% increase) would you need to see after a 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year serredella phase to adapt short term phases?

One-year serredella phase

Two-year serredella phase

Three-year serredella phase

Question Title

* 1. Farmer’s name

Question Title

* 2. Contact details

Question Title

* 3. Farm address if different than the mentioned before.

Question Title

* 4. Please provide directions (share location) to the paddock you are providing details about in your answers for future soil sampling.

Question Title

* 5. Farm size (ha)

Question Title

* 6. Average annual rainfall (mm)

Question Title

* 7. Growing season rainfall (mm)

Question Title

* 8. Pasture proportion (%)

Question Title

* 9. Pasture phase length (year)

Question Title

* 10. Serradella area (ha)

Question Title

* 11. Farming system (farming enterprises)

Question Title

* 12. What proportion of your cropping land has a herbicide resistant weed population? What herbicides are weed resistant to?

Question Title

* 13. What are your perceived benefits of legume pasture phases?

Question Title

* 14. Do you use serradella? Why/why not?﻿

Question Title

* 15. Is serradella a high or low input pasture?

Question Title

* 16. What pasture species/variety are you using?

Question Title

* 17. Do you grow mixture of different species/varieties in your pasture phase?

Question Title

* 18. Source of your pasture seeds

Question Title

* 19. What is your serradella/pasture sowing rate?

Question Title

* 20. What is your serradella/pasture row spacing?

Question Title

* 21. What is your serradella/Pasture time of sowing?

Question Title

* 22. How often are you sowing your pasture phase?

Question Title

* 23. What method of sowing do you using for your pasture?

Question Title

* 24. What is your fertilization for your pasture?

Question Title

* 25. What weed problems do you have in your cropping phase?

Question Title

* 26. What weed problems do you have in your pasture phase?

Question Title

* 27. How do you plan to use serradella in the future?

Question Title

* 28. What was your past six-year paddock rotation and what weed management techniques did you use in each year?

Question Title

* 29. What is your future planned six-year paddock rotation and what weed management techniques will you be using in each year?

Question Title

* 30. Non-herbicidal weed control tactics used to lower the weed seed bank. Tick the ones you are using.

Question Title

* 31. What knock-down herbicide(s) do you use in your copping phases? What is the application rate and time? What weeds do you target by this?

Question Title

* 32. What pre-emergent herbicide(s) do you use in your copping phases? What is the application rate and time? What weeds do you target by this?

Question Title

* 33. What post-emergent herbicide(s) do you use in your copping phases? What is the application rate and time? What weeds do you target by this?

Question Title

* 34. In the pasture phase, what practices (green manuring, silage, hay, mowing+spray, spray-topping, brown manuring, ..) do you use to control weeds? What weeds do you target and how effective are they against weeds?

Question Title

* 35. What knock-down herbicide(s) (with or without autumn tickle) do you use in your pasture phases? What is the application rate and time? What weeds do you target by this?

Question Title

* 36. Do you do any pre-emergence herbicide application for your pastures? If yes, what is the herbicide, application rate, application time you use? What weeds are you targeting?

Question Title

* 37. What post-emergent herbicide do you use for your pastures and what is the herbicide, application rate, application time do you use? What weeds are you targeting?

Question Title

* 38. Do you kill pastures early for weed control purposes? If yes, please provide details.

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* 39. Do you use weed wiper? If yes, please provide details.

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* 14. Do you use serradella? Why/why not?