Clinical use of oral and injectable antimicrobials in non-domesticated birds, reptiles and small mammals

This 10-question survey is designed to evaluate systemic (oral and injectable) antibiotic prescribing behavior amongst veterinarians who treat non-domesticated birds, small mammals, reptiles and amphibians.

This survey is to be completed by any licensed veterinarian in first opinion practice, referral practice, academia, wildlife hospitals, zoos or aquaria.

This survey pertains to oral and injectable antibiotic use only - not topical or ocular use.

Direct any questions to Stephen Divers, sdivers@uga.edu

Many thanks for your participation.

Question Title

* 1. Which of the following best describes your clinical situation?

Predominantly mixed or small animal private practice with exotics

Exotics private practice (birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, etc)

Single-taxa exotic private practice (e.g. only birds or only small mammals or only reptiles/amphibians)

Corporate small animal practice with exotics

Academic zoological or exotic service (e.g. teaching hospital)

Zoo or aquarium

Wildlife center or hospital

Other (please specify)

Question Title

* 2. Does your practice or clinical service have a written antimicrobial stewardship policy which is followed by all clinicians?

Yes

Don't know

Question Title

* 3. How often do you prescribe SYSTEMIC (oral or injectable) antibiotics when initially faced with the following clinical presentations?

	Don't know or not applicable	Never	Rarely	Often	Always
Gastro-intestinal stasis	Gastro-intestinal stasis Don't know or not applicable	Gastro-intestinal stasis Never	Gastro-intestinal stasis Rarely	Gastro-intestinal stasis Often	Gastro-intestinal stasis Always
Diarrhea	Diarrhea Don't know or not applicable	Diarrhea Never	Diarrhea Rarely	Diarrhea Often	Diarrhea Always
Vomiting, regurgitation	Vomiting, regurgitation Don't know or not applicable	Vomiting, regurgitation Never	Vomiting, regurgitation Rarely	Vomiting, regurgitation Often	Vomiting, regurgitation Always
Anorexia	Anorexia Don't know or not applicable	Anorexia Never	Anorexia Rarely	Anorexia Often	Anorexia Always
Lameness	Lameness Don't know or not applicable	Lameness Never	Lameness Rarely	Lameness Often	Lameness Always
Coughing, sneezing	Coughing, sneezing Don't know or not applicable	Coughing, sneezing Never	Coughing, sneezing Rarely	Coughing, sneezing Often	Coughing, sneezing Always
Polydipsia, polyuria	Polydipsia, polyuria Don't know or not applicable	Polydipsia, polyuria Never	Polydipsia, polyuria Rarely	Polydipsia, polyuria Often	Polydipsia, polyuria Always
Feather destructive behavior	Feather destructive behavior Don't know or not applicable	Feather destructive behavior Never	Feather destructive behavior Rarely	Feather destructive behavior Often	Feather destructive behavior Always
Alopecia, dysecdysis	Alopecia, dysecdysis Don't know or not applicable	Alopecia, dysecdysis Never	Alopecia, dysecdysis Rarely	Alopecia, dysecdysis Often	Alopecia, dysecdysis Always
Cloacal prolapse	Cloacal prolapse Don't know or not applicable	Cloacal prolapse Never	Cloacal prolapse Rarely	Cloacal prolapse Often	Cloacal prolapse Always
Dystocia	Dystocia Don't know or not applicable	Dystocia Never	Dystocia Rarely	Dystocia Often	Dystocia Always
Dermatitis	Dermatitis Don't know or not applicable	Dermatitis Never	Dermatitis Rarely	Dermatitis Often	Dermatitis Always
Shell discoloration or disease	Shell discoloration or disease Don't know or not applicable	Shell discoloration or disease Never	Shell discoloration or disease Rarely	Shell discoloration or disease Often	Shell discoloration or disease Always
Neurologic presentations incl head tilt	Neurologic presentations incl head tilt Don't know or not applicable	Neurologic presentations incl head tilt Never	Neurologic presentations incl head tilt Rarely	Neurologic presentations incl head tilt Often	Neurologic presentations incl head tilt Always
Otitis	Otitis Don't know or not applicable	Otitis Never	Otitis Rarely	Otitis Often	Otitis Always
Conjunctivitis	Conjunctivitis Don't know or not applicable	Conjunctivitis Never	Conjunctivitis Rarely	Conjunctivitis Often	Conjunctivitis Always
Lymphadenopathy	Lymphadenopathy Don't know or not applicable	Lymphadenopathy Never	Lymphadenopathy Rarely	Lymphadenopathy Often	Lymphadenopathy Always
Palpable mass	Palpable mass Don't know or not applicable	Palpable mass Never	Palpable mass Rarely	Palpable mass Often	Palpable mass Always
Lethargy	Lethargy Don't know or not applicable	Lethargy Never	Lethargy Rarely	Lethargy Often	Lethargy Always
ADR (ain't doing right)	ADR (ain't doing right) Don't know or not applicable	ADR (ain't doing right) Never	ADR (ain't doing right) Rarely	ADR (ain't doing right) Often	ADR (ain't doing right) Always

Question Title

* 4. How often do you prescribe SYSTEMIC (oral or injectable) antibiotics after the following procedures when no infection was identified before or during surgery?

	Dont'know or not applicable	Never	Rarely	Often	Always
Routine castration	Routine castration Dont'know or not applicable	Routine castration Never	Routine castration Rarely	Routine castration Often	Routine castration Always
Routine spay	Routine spay Dont'know or not applicable	Routine spay Never	Routine spay Rarely	Routine spay Often	Routine spay Always
Non-elective ovariohysterectomy, ovariosalpingectomy, salpingectomy, salpingotomy	Non-elective ovariohysterectomy, ovariosalpingectomy, salpingectomy, salpingotomy Dont'know or not applicable	Non-elective ovariohysterectomy, ovariosalpingectomy, salpingectomy, salpingotomy Never	Non-elective ovariohysterectomy, ovariosalpingectomy, salpingectomy, salpingotomy Rarely	Non-elective ovariohysterectomy, ovariosalpingectomy, salpingectomy, salpingotomy Often	Non-elective ovariohysterectomy, ovariosalpingectomy, salpingectomy, salpingotomy Always
Gastrotomy or enterotomy	Gastrotomy or enterotomy Dont'know or not applicable	Gastrotomy or enterotomy Never	Gastrotomy or enterotomy Rarely	Gastrotomy or enterotomy Often	Gastrotomy or enterotomy Always
Cystotomy	Cystotomy Dont'know or not applicable	Cystotomy Never	Cystotomy Rarely	Cystotomy Often	Cystotomy Always
Exploratory laparotomy/coeliotomy	Exploratory laparotomy/coeliotomy Dont'know or not applicable	Exploratory laparotomy/coeliotomy Never	Exploratory laparotomy/coeliotomy Rarely	Exploratory laparotomy/coeliotomy Often	Exploratory laparotomy/coeliotomy Always
Neoplasm removal	Neoplasm removal Dont'know or not applicable	Neoplasm removal Never	Neoplasm removal Rarely	Neoplasm removal Often	Neoplasm removal Always
Organ removal (e.g. nephrectomy, splenectomy, pancreatectomy)	Organ removal (e.g. nephrectomy, splenectomy, pancreatectomy) Dont'know or not applicable	Organ removal (e.g. nephrectomy, splenectomy, pancreatectomy) Never	Organ removal (e.g. nephrectomy, splenectomy, pancreatectomy) Rarely	Organ removal (e.g. nephrectomy, splenectomy, pancreatectomy) Often	Organ removal (e.g. nephrectomy, splenectomy, pancreatectomy) Always
Visceral Biopsy	Visceral Biopsy Dont'know or not applicable	Visceral Biopsy Never	Visceral Biopsy Rarely	Visceral Biopsy Often	Visceral Biopsy Always
Enucleation	Enucleation Dont'know or not applicable	Enucleation Never	Enucleation Rarely	Enucleation Often	Enucleation Always
Dental prophylaxis/trimming	Dental prophylaxis/trimming Dont'know or not applicable	Dental prophylaxis/trimming Never	Dental prophylaxis/trimming Rarely	Dental prophylaxis/trimming Often	Dental prophylaxis/trimming Always
Dental extraction	Dental extraction Dont'know or not applicable	Dental extraction Never	Dental extraction Rarely	Dental extraction Often	Dental extraction Always
Acute wound repair (<4 hrs old)	Acute wound repair (<4 hrs old) Dont'know or not applicable	Acute wound repair (<4 hrs old) Never	Acute wound repair (<4 hrs old) Rarely	Acute wound repair (<4 hrs old) Often	Acute wound repair (<4 hrs old) Always
Laparoscopy/coelioscopy	Laparoscopy/coelioscopy Dont'know or not applicable	Laparoscopy/coelioscopy Never	Laparoscopy/coelioscopy Rarely	Laparoscopy/coelioscopy Often	Laparoscopy/coelioscopy Always
Gastroscopy	Gastroscopy Dont'know or not applicable	Gastroscopy Never	Gastroscopy Rarely	Gastroscopy Often	Gastroscopy Always
Tracheobronchoscopy, pulmonoscopy	Tracheobronchoscopy, pulmonoscopy Dont'know or not applicable	Tracheobronchoscopy, pulmonoscopy Never	Tracheobronchoscopy, pulmonoscopy Rarely	Tracheobronchoscopy, pulmonoscopy Often	Tracheobronchoscopy, pulmonoscopy Always
Cloacoscopy, colonoscopy	Cloacoscopy, colonoscopy Dont'know or not applicable	Cloacoscopy, colonoscopy Never	Cloacoscopy, colonoscopy Rarely	Cloacoscopy, colonoscopy Often	Cloacoscopy, colonoscopy Always
Internal fracture repair	Internal fracture repair Dont'know or not applicable	Internal fracture repair Never	Internal fracture repair Rarely	Internal fracture repair Often	Internal fracture repair Always
Limb amputation	Limb amputation Dont'know or not applicable	Limb amputation Never	Limb amputation Rarely	Limb amputation Often	Limb amputation Always
Tail amputation	Tail amputation Dont'know or not applicable	Tail amputation Never	Tail amputation Rarely	Tail amputation Often	Tail amputation Always
Intravenous or intraosseous catheterization	Intravenous or intraosseous catheterization Dont'know or not applicable	Intravenous or intraosseous catheterization Never	Intravenous or intraosseous catheterization Rarely	Intravenous or intraosseous catheterization Often	Intravenous or intraosseous catheterization Always
Esophagostomy tube placement	Esophagostomy tube placement Dont'know or not applicable	Esophagostomy tube placement Never	Esophagostomy tube placement Rarely	Esophagostomy tube placement Often	Esophagostomy tube placement Always

Question Title

* 5. When faced with a potential bacterial infection how often do you undertake the following diagnostic tests?

	Never	Rarely	Sometimes	Often	Always
Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing (disc or MIC)	Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing (disc or MIC) Never	Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing (disc or MIC) Rarely	Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing (disc or MIC) Sometimes	Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing (disc or MIC) Often	Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing (disc or MIC) Always
Bacterial PCR	Bacterial PCR Never	Bacterial PCR Rarely	Bacterial PCR Sometimes	Bacterial PCR Often	Bacterial PCR Always
Gram stain	Gram stain Never	Gram stain Rarely	Gram stain Sometimes	Gram stain Often	Gram stain Always
Cytology or histopathology	Cytology or histopathology Never	Cytology or histopathology Rarely	Cytology or histopathology Sometimes	Cytology or histopathology Often	Cytology or histopathology Always

Other (please specify)

Question Title

* 6. Rank the following with regards to importance to you when initially selecting an antibiotic drug, dose, and frequency

	Don't know or not applicable	Not at all important	Low importance	Moderate importance	High importance	Extremely important
Patient species and ease of drug administration	Patient species and ease of drug administration Don't know or not applicable	Patient species and ease of drug administration Not at all important	Patient species and ease of drug administration Low importance	Patient species and ease of drug administration Moderate importance	Patient species and ease of drug administration High importance	Patient species and ease of drug administration Extremely important
Patient medical status (hydration, temperature, concurrent disease)	Patient medical status (hydration, temperature, concurrent disease) Don't know or not applicable	Patient medical status (hydration, temperature, concurrent disease) Not at all important	Patient medical status (hydration, temperature, concurrent disease) Low importance	Patient medical status (hydration, temperature, concurrent disease) Moderate importance	Patient medical status (hydration, temperature, concurrent disease) High importance	Patient medical status (hydration, temperature, concurrent disease) Extremely important
Patient site of infection	Patient site of infection Don't know or not applicable	Patient site of infection Not at all important	Patient site of infection Low importance	Patient site of infection Moderate importance	Patient site of infection High importance	Patient site of infection Extremely important
In-house Gram stain and cytology	In-house Gram stain and cytology Don't know or not applicable	In-house Gram stain and cytology Not at all important	In-house Gram stain and cytology Low importance	In-house Gram stain and cytology Moderate importance	In-house Gram stain and cytology High importance	In-house Gram stain and cytology Extremely important
Published information on disease and bacteria involved	Published information on disease and bacteria involved Don't know or not applicable	Published information on disease and bacteria involved Not at all important	Published information on disease and bacteria involved Low importance	Published information on disease and bacteria involved Moderate importance	Published information on disease and bacteria involved High importance	Published information on disease and bacteria involved Extremely important
Drug characteristics (e.g. tissue distribution and penetration)	Drug characteristics (e.g. tissue distribution and penetration) Don't know or not applicable	Drug characteristics (e.g. tissue distribution and penetration) Not at all important	Drug characteristics (e.g. tissue distribution and penetration) Low importance	Drug characteristics (e.g. tissue distribution and penetration) Moderate importance	Drug characteristics (e.g. tissue distribution and penetration) High importance	Drug characteristics (e.g. tissue distribution and penetration) Extremely important
Drug availability (i.e. what drugs are stocked and available in your practice)	Drug availability (i.e. what drugs are stocked and available in your practice) Don't know or not applicable	Drug availability (i.e. what drugs are stocked and available in your practice) Not at all important	Drug availability (i.e. what drugs are stocked and available in your practice) Low importance	Drug availability (i.e. what drugs are stocked and available in your practice) Moderate importance	Drug availability (i.e. what drugs are stocked and available in your practice) High importance	Drug availability (i.e. what drugs are stocked and available in your practice) Extremely important
Your past experience and personal preferences	Your past experience and personal preferences Don't know or not applicable	Your past experience and personal preferences Not at all important	Your past experience and personal preferences Low importance	Your past experience and personal preferences Moderate importance	Your past experience and personal preferences High importance	Your past experience and personal preferences Extremely important
Published textbook chapter or formulary	Published textbook chapter or formulary Don't know or not applicable	Published textbook chapter or formulary Not at all important	Published textbook chapter or formulary Low importance	Published textbook chapter or formulary Moderate importance	Published textbook chapter or formulary High importance	Published textbook chapter or formulary Extremely important
Peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic journal papers	Peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic journal papers Don't know or not applicable	Peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic journal papers Not at all important	Peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic journal papers Low importance	Peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic journal papers Moderate importance	Peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic journal papers High importance	Peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic journal papers Extremely important
Calculation of individual patient dose using MIC results and PK data	Calculation of individual patient dose using MIC results and PK data Don't know or not applicable	Calculation of individual patient dose using MIC results and PK data Not at all important	Calculation of individual patient dose using MIC results and PK data Low importance	Calculation of individual patient dose using MIC results and PK data Moderate importance	Calculation of individual patient dose using MIC results and PK data High importance	Calculation of individual patient dose using MIC results and PK data Extremely important
Calculation of dose and frequency using allometric scaling	Calculation of dose and frequency using allometric scaling Don't know or not applicable	Calculation of dose and frequency using allometric scaling Not at all important	Calculation of dose and frequency using allometric scaling Low importance	Calculation of dose and frequency using allometric scaling Moderate importance	Calculation of dose and frequency using allometric scaling High importance	Calculation of dose and frequency using allometric scaling Extremely important
Client preferences	Client preferences Don't know or not applicable	Client preferences Not at all important	Client preferences Low importance	Client preferences Moderate importance	Client preferences High importance	Client preferences Extremely important
Clinician compliance with the practice/service antibiotic stewardship policy	Clinician compliance with the practice/service antibiotic stewardship policy Don't know or not applicable	Clinician compliance with the practice/service antibiotic stewardship policy Not at all important	Clinician compliance with the practice/service antibiotic stewardship policy Low importance	Clinician compliance with the practice/service antibiotic stewardship policy Moderate importance	Clinician compliance with the practice/service antibiotic stewardship policy High importance	Clinician compliance with the practice/service antibiotic stewardship policy Extremely important

Other (please specify)

Question Title

* 7. Rank the importance of the following factors for improving antibiotic selection and bacterial disease treatment (from 1 most important to 7 least important).

Question Title

* 8. This question relates to a 2-year old yellow-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona ocrocephala) with suspected bacterial respiratory disease. Please indicate your level of use for each of the following antibiotic classes when INITIALLY treating this type of condition. (If you have no experience of treating birds please skip this question)

Question Title

* 9. This question relates to a 3-year old bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) with suspected osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Please indicate your level of use for each of the following antibiotic classes when INITIALLY treating this type of condition. (If you have no experience of treating reptiles then skip this question)

Question Title

* 10. This question relates to a 1-year old rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with suspected septicemia. Please indicate your level of use for each of the following antibiotic classes when INITIALLY treating this type of condition. (If you have no experience of treating small mammals please skip this question)

	Never	Rarely	Often	Always
Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin)	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Never	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Rarely	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Often	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Always
Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Never	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Rarely	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Often	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Always
Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin)	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Never	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Rarely	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Often	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Always
1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin)	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Never	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Rarely	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Often	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Always
3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime)	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Never	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Rarely	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Often	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Always
Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin)	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Never	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Rarely	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Often	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Always
Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin)	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Never	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Rarely	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Often	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Always
Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol)	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Never	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Rarely	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Often	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Always
Nitorimidazole (metronidazole)	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Never	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Rarely	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Often	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Always
Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline)	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Never	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Rarely	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Often	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Always
Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Never	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Rarely	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Often	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Always
1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin)	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Never	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Rarely	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Often	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Always
2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin)	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Never	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Rarely	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Often	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Always
Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone)	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Never	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Rarely	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Often	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Always
Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Never	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Rarely	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Often	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Always

	Never	Rarely	Often	Always
Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin)	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Never	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Rarely	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Often	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Always
Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Never	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Rarely	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Often	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Always
Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin)	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Never	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Rarely	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Often	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Always
1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin)	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Never	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Rarely	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Often	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Always
3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime)	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Never	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Rarely	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Often	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Always
Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin)	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Never	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Rarely	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Often	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Always
Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin)	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Never	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Rarely	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Often	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Always
Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol)	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Never	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Rarely	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Often	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Always
Nitorimidazole (metronidazole)	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Never	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Rarely	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Often	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Always
Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline)	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Never	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Rarely	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Often	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Always
Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Never	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Rarely	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Often	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Always
1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin)	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Never	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Rarely	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Often	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Always
2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin)	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Never	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Rarely	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Often	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Always
Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone)	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Never	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Rarely	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Often	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Always
Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Never	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Rarely	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Often	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Always

	Never	Rarely	Often	Always
Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin)	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Never	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Rarely	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Often	Aminoglycosides (eg amikacin, gentamicin) Always
Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Never	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Rarely	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Often	Aminopenicillins (eg amoxicillin, ampicillin) +/- clauvulanic acid Always
Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin)	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Never	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Rarely	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Often	Extended spectrum carboxypenicillins (eg ticarcillin) or ureidopenicillins (eg piperacillin) Always
1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin)	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Never	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Rarely	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Often	1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins (eg cefaxolin, cefalexin) Always
3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime)	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Never	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Rarely	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Often	3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (eg ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, cefepime) Always
Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin)	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Never	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Rarely	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Often	Lincosamides (eg lincomyccin, clindamycin) Always
Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin)	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Never	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Rarely	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Often	Macrolides (eg azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin) Always
Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol)	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Never	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Rarely	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Often	Phenicols (eg chloramphenicol, florfenicol) Always
Nitorimidazole (metronidazole)	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Never	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Rarely	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Often	Nitorimidazole (metronidazole) Always
Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline)	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Never	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Rarely	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Often	Tetracyclines (eg oxytetracycline, doxycycline) Always
Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Never	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Rarely	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Often	Potentiated sulfonamides (eg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Always
1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin)	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Never	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Rarely	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Often	1st generation quinolones (eg nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) Always
2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin)	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Never	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Rarely	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Often	2nd and 3rd generation quinolones (eg ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pradofloxacin) Always
Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone)	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Never	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Rarely	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Often	Nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) Always
Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Never	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Rarely	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Often	Ansamycin, Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem), 5th generation cephalosporins, Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Ketolides, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidonones (linezolid), Polymyxin (non-ocular), 4th generation quinolones Always