The Perfect Storm of Heart Failure and Diabetes: Insights into Pathophysiology and Evidence Based Treatment Strategies

The Perfect Storm of Heart Failure and Diabetes

Question Title

* 1. The risk of incident heart failure is _____ in female individuals with diabetes versus females without diabetes.

Increased

Decreased

The same

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* 2. In the PARADIGM-HF study, patients with diabetes in the sacubitril/valsartan group had ____ for the primary end point of time to first occurrence of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization versus patients with diabetes in the enalapril group.

Reduced risk

Increased risk

No difference in risk

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* 3. In the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial comparing the SGLT 2 inhibitor empagliflozin versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, empagliflozin ___ the risk for the primary outcome of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke.

Reduced

Increased

Had no effect on

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* 4. In the LEADER trial comparing the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, liraglutide ____ the risk for the primary outcome of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke.

Reduced

Increased

Had no effect on

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* 5. Which statement is correct regarding thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?

Caution for use in only NYHA Class III and IV

Initiation contraindicated in NYHA Class IV only

Initiation contraindicated in NYHA Class III and IV

No longer contraindicated in heart failure

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* 6. Please provide your first and last name.
Pre-test questions will not be scored, your name is required solely to confirm completion.

First Name & Last Name