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* 1. Who became the commander of the Confederate army of northern Virginia at the beginning of the Civil War?

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* 2. The United States fought North Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s primarily to:

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* 3. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were both important figures in the American civil rights movement. Which of the following statements best describes a difference between their respective approaches to civil rights?

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* 4. In 1973, the U.S. Congress passed the War Powers Act. How did the Act reassert congressional authority relative to that of the President?

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* 5. During the 15th century, Johann Gutenberg invented a printing press with moveable type. How did his invention influence science?

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* 6. The monetary value of all the finished goods and services that are produced within a country's borders in a specific time period is the:

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* 7. This excerpt is from a document entitled National Security Strategy of the United States, published on January 17, 2002.
 

The security environment confronting the United States today is radically different from what we have faced before. Yet the first duty of the United States Government remains what it always has been: to protect the American people and American interests. It is an enduring American principle that this duty obligates the government to anticipate and counter threats, using all elements of national power, before the threats can do grave damage. The greater the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction—and the more compelling the case for taking anticipatory action to defend ourselves, even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy’s attack. There are few greater threats than a terrorist attack with WMD.

To forestall or prevent such hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act preemptively in exercising our inherent right of self-defense. The United States will not resort to force in all cases to preempt emerging threats. Our preference is that nonmilitary actions succeed. And no country should ever use preemption as a pretext for aggression.
 
What is the main idea presented in the excerpt?

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* 8. This excerpt is the 5th Amendment from the Bill of Rights.
 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
 
This Amendment provides all of these rights EXCEPT:

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* 9. The following statement is from George Mason, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787:
 

Whatever power may be necessary for the National Government a certain portion must necessarily be left in the States. It is impossible for one power to pervade the extreme parts of the U.S. so as to carry equal justice to them.
 
Based upon his statement, George Mason’s political views would best be described as

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* 10. This excerpt is from a 2015 editorial in the Los Angeles Times:
 

Super PACs, made possible by the Supreme Court's Citizens United ruling, are supposed to be independent political action committees, not extensions of candidates' official campaigns. Yet the Federal Election Commission has been timid—and politically stymied—in defining what constitutes forbidden coordination between candidates and independent groups.

The result is a situation in which, as one legal expert puts it, super PACs function as "alter egos" for official campaign committees without being subject to the same contribution limits and other restrictions. That undermines the argument enunciated by the Court that independent political expenditures create less of a potential for corruption than direct contributions to a candidate's campaign.
 
This excerpt from a 2016 article by David Bossie:
 

Simply put, since the Citizens United decision there is more free speech in America—and, importantly, no evidence that corporations have been able to buy an election. In fact, the candidates with the biggest super-PAC war chests have often lost. Jeb Bush, who spent more than $100 million before dropping out of the Republican primary on Feb. 20, is just the most recent example.
 
What assumption behind the David Bossie excerpt is not an assumption behind the Los Angeles Times excerpt?

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