| Poverty cycle or poverty traps | | | | |
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| Institutional and political obstacles: ineffective taxation structure, lack of property rights, political instability, corruption, unequal distribution of income, formal and informal markets, lack of infrastructure | | | | |
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| International trade obstacles: overdependence on primary products, consequences of adverse terms of trade, consequences of a narrow range of exports, protectionism in international trade | | | | |
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| International financial obstacles: indebtedness, non-convertible currencies, capital flight | | | | |
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| Social and cultural obstacles: religion, culture, tradition, gender issues | | | | |
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